#1T# \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/p>\n
\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f. \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 (PCB) [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: chuxin-smt.com]<\/a>. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 (PCBs) [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: chuxin-smt.com]<\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: chuxin-smt.com]<\/a>.<\/p>\n #5T1T5T1T1T# \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n The preheat stage gradually raises the PCB\u2019s temperature to a uniform level, preparing it for the higher temperatures of the reflow phase. The primary goals of this stage are to:<\/p>\n * ** ** \u062a\u0628\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u064a\u0631:** \u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: CHUXIN SMT]<\/a>. \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0639 #5T1T5T1T# (\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629)<\/p>\n \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n * ** \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629:** \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: CHUXIN SMT]<\/a>. The duration and temperature of the soak stage are critical; too short or too cool, and temperature equalization won\u2019t be achieved. Too long or too hot, and component degradation can occur.<\/p>\n \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 #### (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629)<\/p>\n \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n * ** ** \u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645:** \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 217 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648227 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: CHUXIN SMT]<\/a>. \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f #5T1T5T1T#<\/p>\n \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644:<\/p>\n * **\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628:** \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: CHUXIN SMT]<\/a>. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n #1T# \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642<\/p>\n \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642. \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a 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The cooling rate is also critical, as it affects the solder joint\u2019s microstructure and mechanical properties. Rapid cooling can lead to thermal stress, while excessively slow cooling might result in a dull or granular solder joint. Therefore, a carefully designed reflow profile must consider these interconnected factors to achieve reliable and high-quality solder joints [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: chuxin-smt.com]<\/a>.<\/p>\n #1T# \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n Incorrect reflow soldering profiles can lead to several common defects, each requiring specific troubleshooting steps. \u201cTombstoning,\u201d where a component is pulled upright at one end, often occurs when one side of the component solders before the other due to uneven heating or paste deposition. To prevent this, ensure uniform heating across the PCB and consistent solder paste application [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: chuxin-smt.com]<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u201cSolder balls\u201d or \u201csolder beading\u201d are small spheres of solder that appear on the PCB surface, away from the intended joints. This defect is typically caused by flux spattering during the reflow process, often due to excessive moisture in the solder paste or rapid heating. Proper drying of the solder paste before reflow and using a reflow oven with controlled preheating zones can mitigate this issue [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: chuxin-smt.com]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Another prevalent issue is \u201csolder bridging,\u201d where an unintended electrical connection is formed between two or more adjacent solder joints. This can be a result of too much solder paste, paste shifting during component placement, or improper reflow temperature profiles. Ensuring accurate solder paste dispensing and a stable reflow process, possibly with the aid of nitrogen to improve solder flow and reduce bridging, is crucial [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: chuxin-smt.com]<\/a> [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: chuxin-smt.com]<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u201cCold joints\u201d or \u201cinsufficient solder\u201d occur when the solder does not properly wet the surfaces, resulting in a dull, granular appearance and a weak joint. This is usually due to insufficient preheating, inadequate reflow temperature, or poor flux activity. Verifying the reflow oven\u2019s temperature profile and ensuring proper flux application are key to achieving strong, shiny solder joints [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: chuxin-smt.com]<\/a> [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: chuxin-smt.com]<\/a>.<\/p>\n #5T# \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642<\/p>\n \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a (SMT) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b 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\u0628\u064a","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n* ** \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629:** \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: CHUXIN SMT]<\/a>.
\n* **\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f:** \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: CHUXIN SMT]<\/a>.<\/p>\n
\n** **\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642:** \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: CHUXIN SMT]<\/a>.<\/p>\n
\n* ** \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a: ** \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 (TAL) - \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u064b\u0627 - \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: CHUXIN SMT]<\/a>.<\/p>\n
\n* ** \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a: ** \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: CHUXIN SMT]<\/a>.
\n* **\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a:** \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: CHUXIN SMT]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n